Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.Read more
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;Read more
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Jonathan Wilkinson · Member of Parliament, House of Commons
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;Read more
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;Read more
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.Read more
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.Read more
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.Read more
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Randeep Sarai · Secretary of State International Development
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.Read more
Environmental and sustainable development policies and programs with regard to local climate change mitigation and adaptation;
Disaster mitigation and adaptation;
Capacity building for sustainable community planning;
Greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions;
Water management, watershed planning, wastewater, and stormwater policy;
Urban forest management and stewardship;
Brownfield redevelopment;
National Adaptation Strategy;
Greener Homes Grant;
Green Building Strategy;
Green Municipal Fund.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;Read more
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.Read more
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;Read more
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.Read more
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.Read more
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.Read more
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;Read more
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.Read more
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.Read more
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Patti LaBoucane-Benson · Senator, Senate of Canada
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;Read more
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;Read more
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.Read more
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.Read more
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;Read more
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;Read more
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;Read more
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Municipal Finance and Intergovernmental Arrangements Revenue sharing with the federal and provincial governments: Federal policies and programs with regard to the payments in lieu of taxes (PILTs) system, intergovernmental partnerships, recognition of municipal governments contributions to economic growth, the fiscal imbalance between each order of governments revenues options and their responsibilities to provide services and programs to Canadians.
Municipal Growth Framework.Read more
Rural, remote and northern municipal issues:
Federal policies and programs with regard to delivering infrastructure funding in rural, remote and northern communities, trade irritants effecting rural, remote and northern communities, the development and implementation of the northern strategy in the three territories and the development of a rural champion at the federal cabinet level.
Federal infrastructure program funding, including (but not limited to) Infrastructure Canada
Canada Community Building Fund;
Infrastructure programs and funding;
Permanent Public Transit Fund;
Canada Infrastructure Bank (CIB) financing;
Investing in Canada infrastructure Plan;
Universal Broadband;
Rural, remote and northern infrastructure;
From the Office of the Commissioner of Lobbying's open data, published November 5, 2026.
Reports cover oral, arranged meetings with designated public office holders since November 22, 2021; lobbyists file them by the 15th of the following month.
Names of MPs are matched to the current House of Commons, and bills are linked when the lobbyist's own description makes clear which bill it means.
Contains information licensed under the Open Data Licence Agreement — Office of the Commissioner of Lobbying. Licence.
PolitiKit is independent and is not endorsed by the Commissioner of Lobbying.